養身 · 有無相生
Yǎng Shēn
Classical Chinese Text
天下皆知美之为美,恶已①;皆知善,斯不善矣。有无之相生也,难易之相成也,长短之相刑也,高下之相盈也,音声之相和也,先后之相随,恒也。 是以圣人居无为之事②,行不言之教,万物作而弗始也,为而弗志也,成功而弗居也。 夫唯弗居,是以弗去。
Translation & Meaning
天下人都刻意標榜什麼是「美」,醜的觀念便隨之產生;都執著分別什麼是「善」,不善的評判也就相應而生。 所以有和無相互生成,難和易相互促成,長和短彼此顯現,高和下相互依存,音與聲彼此應和,前和後相互伴隨。 因此得道之人順應自然無為以行事,施行超越言辭的身教;任憑萬物興起而不加幹預,化育萬物而不據為己有,有所施為而不自恃其能,大功告成而不居功自傲。 正因為不把功勞據為己有,那份功德才永遠不會消逝。
Linguistic & Character Analysis
- 天 (tiān): heaven / nature / cosmos
- 下 (xià): under / earthly realm / humble
- 皆 (jiē): all / universally
- 知 (zhī): know / distinguish / recognize
- 美 (měi): beauty / aesthetic ideal
- 之 (zhī): particle: of / possessive / it
- 为 (wèi): act / deem / become
- 恶 (è): ugly / aversion / evil
- 已 (yǐ): arises / already / cessation
- 善 (shàn): goodness / skillful / kind
- 斯 (sī): then / thereupon
- 不 (bù): not / un- / without
- 矣 (yǐ): [modal particle of realization]
- 有 (yǒu): manifest being / cosmos / to possess
- 无 (wú): formless void / non-being / without
- 相 (xiāng): mutually / each other
- 生 (shēng): give birth to / arise
- 也 (yě): [modal particle of assertion]
- 难 (nán): difficult / arduous
- 易 (yì): easy / simple / change
- 成 (chéng): complete / fulfill
- 长 (cháng): long / enduring / grow
- 短 (duǎn): short / brief
- 刑 (xíng): measure / shape / format
- 高 (gāo): high / exalted
- 盈 (yíng): fulfill / overflow
- 音 (yīn): music / tone
- 声 (shēng): sound / voice
- 和 (hé): accord / harmonize
- 先 (xiān): before / front
- 后 (hòu): after / behind
- 随 (suí): follow / accompany
- 恒 (héng): eternal / dynamic constant
- 是 (shì): this / therefore
- 以 (yǐ): in order to / by means of
- 圣 (shèng): sage / enlightened one
- 人 (rén): person / human
- 居 (jū): reside in / carry oneself
- 事 (shì): affairs / deeds
- 行 (xíng): practice / teach / walk
- 言 (yán): words / speech
- 教 (jiào): teaching / guidance
- 万 (wàn): ten thousand / myriad / all
- 物 (wù): things / phenomena / forms
- 作 (zuò): move / arise / operate
- 而 (ér): yet / and / but
- 弗 (fú): not / does not
- 始 (shǐ): dawn / primordial origin
- 志 (zhì): will / intent / claim
- 功 (gōng): achievement / merit
- 夫 (fū): for / indeed / now
- 唯 (wéi): only / precisely because
- 去 (qù): depart / lose / abandon
Commentary
青禾散人評注:世俗認知皆建立在相對二元之上。執美則生醜,執善則生偽。聖人洞察相反相成之理,不陷於好惡爭端,故能「功成弗居」,在無私無執中保全最綿長的生命格局。